Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate lumps or tumours. A very thin (0.5- 0.6 mm), hollow needle is inserted into the target lesion and a drop of fluid is sucked out by a syringe. This fluid contains cells that are examined under a microscope. FNAC is a very safe procedure. Often, a major surgical (excisional or open) biopsy can be avoided by performing an FNAC instead. Common examples of FNAC are FNAC of thyroid lumps, FNAC of Lymph nodes, FNAC of breast tumors.
Biopsy is similar to FNAC, but in this case a piece of tissue is taken with the help of a thicker needle (0.8-1.3 mm), which is then examined under microscope. Biopsy is obtained for diagnosis and evaluation of treatment response in various diseases. Percutaneous biopsy is least invasive and often cost effective technique. Ultrasound or CT scan guidance during biopsy allows for greater precision in targeting lesions, resulting in high sensitivities and low complication rates. Percutaneous biopsy is generally considered to be very safe. Biopsy is commonly used in organs like kidney, liver, breast and lymph nodes.
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